The immune response in inflammation is mediated by which factors?

The immune response in inflammation is mediated by which factors?

• A. Neural signals
• B. Mechanical barriers only
• C. Hormonal signals only
• D. Cellular and humoral factors

Answer: (D)

Inflammation is driven by cellular and humoral mediators. Immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages, along with mast cells releasing mediators, are the cellular components that respond to injury. The humoral side includes soluble factors like cytokines, chemokines, complement proteins, histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes. Together, these cellular and humoral factors orchestrate vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte recruitment, and phagocytosis to contain injury and promote healing. Neural signals and mechanical barriers can influence the process, and hormonal signals can modulate it, but they are not the primary mediators of the inflammatory immune response.

Inflammation is driven by cellular and humoral mediators. Immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages, along with mast cells releasing mediators, are the cellular components that respond to injury. The humoral side includes soluble factors like cytokines, chemokines, complement proteins, histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes. Together, these cellular and humoral factors orchestrate vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte recruitment, and phagocytosis to contain injury and promote healing.

Neural signals and mechanical barriers can influence the process, and hormonal signals can modulate it, but they are not the primary mediators of the inflammatory immune response.